Journal of Life and Bio-Sciences Research
The Journal of Life and Bio-Sciences Research (JLBSR) with ISSN: 2708-1818 is an international, interdisciplinary electronic, double-blind, peer-reviewed, quick-refereeing and open access journal published by BioNexa Academia. JLBSR publishes review papers, original research papers and case reports in all areas of biological and life sciences. JLBSR mission is to encourage scientists to publish their results and disseminate and promote new knowledge while contributing to the development of science in the country and the world.
Study of the Intestinal Protozoan in some Local Chickens (Gallus domesticus) and Pigeons (Columba livia domesticus) in Misurata, Libya
Parasitic diseases rank among the primary limitations to poultry production. Among the intestinal protozoan infections, particularly those caused by Eimeria species and Entamoeba spp. are frequently encountered in domestic fowl. This study investigated the prevalence and morphological characteristics of intestinal protozoan parasites in local chickens (Gallus domesticus) and domesticated pigeons (Columba livia). A total of 151 birds were examined, consisting of 100 local chickens and 51 pigeons, which were collected from various random markets in Misurata. A total of 64 birds (42.4%) were infected. The prevalence of infection was significantly higher in local chickens (51, 79.7%) than in domesticated pigeons (13, 20.3%). The protozoan species differed between local chickens and pigeons. In local chickens, Entamoeba cysts (70.6%) were the most common infection, followed by coccidian oocysts at 29.4%. In pigeons, coccidian oocysts (77%) were more prevalent than Entamoeba cysts (23%). By sex, there were significant differences in infection rates (P <= 0.05) among local chickens; males had higher infection rates for Entamoeba cysts (61.8%) than females (26.3%). The prevalence of coccidian oocysts was 73.7% in females and 38.5% in males. Otherwise, in pigeons, females showed greater susceptibility to both coccidian oocysts and Entamoeba cysts (85.7% and 63.7%, respectively) than males (14.3% and 33.3%), respectively. Based on these findings, the study concludes that implementing an integrated parasitic control programme for local chickens and pigeons is essential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Layla O Elmajdoub, Khdija SM Ali, Kholoud A. Emshiheet, Fatma M. Abushiba, Sara E. Elzwawy, Mabrooka M. Abushalaha, Hana M. Shaklawoon, Rowida S. Alagme, Huda A. Hman, Huda H. Elgerani, Marwa Ali Alsideeg Ageela, Fatima F. Eshtiwi, Aisha I. Shaqlouf, Hanin I. A. Alayeb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physicochemical Examination of Water Quality from Ero Dam, Ekiti State, Nigeria
Physicochemical examination of water quality from Ero Dam, Ekiti State, is an important study to assess the water’s portability, safety, its use for irrigation, and environmental sustainability. The water quality parameters were analyzed during January, March, and June 2025, and these are the early and late dry seasons and the beginning of the rainy seasons, respectively. The study aimed to determine the seasonality, identify possible anthropogenic effects, and parameter interactions based on hierarchical cluster analysis. Water samples were collected by using standard procedures and analyzed for temperature, pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness, calcium, magnesium, nitrate, sulphate, and heavy metals i.e. lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr). Results indicated that temperature was quite constant, with a pH range of 5.4 to 6.9 (weakly acidic to almost neutral), and there was also an increase in EC and TDS through June, indicating seasonality or enrichment with dissolved ions. DO was between 5.6 and 6.8 mg/L. maximum BOD (6.1 mg/L) and COD (16.2 mg/L) values recorded in June, owing to an increase in loading of organic matter due to the runoff. The levels of nitrate and sulphate were low across the board. Heavy metals analysis showed that Pb (0.1280.138 mg/L) and Cd (0.0100.014 mg/L) values were always exceeding the WHO standards; therefore, these metals can be considered as the indicators of anthropogenic pollution, while the values for Cu, Zn, and Cr were varied between permissible standards. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed a strong correlation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agunbiade Rasaq Olusola, Adebawore Adefusisoye Adegalu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Investigating Escherichia coli Resistance to Antibiotics and Heavy Metals
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals is an increasing ecological and public health risk. The genes responsible for the resistance are mainly carried on resistant plasmids; the elimination of these plasmids is carried out by curing using physical agents like low pH levels and elevated temperature. In this study, four stool isolates of Escherichia coli were obtained from Ibn-Sina Hospital in Mosul city, Iraq. The isolates were diagnosed using appropriate biochemical tests and tested for their resistance against five antibiotics: Ampicillin (Amp), Tetracycline (Tc), Erythromycin (Er), Nalidixic acid (Nal), and Chloramphenicol (Cm); and three heavy metals: Mercury chloride (HgCl2), Cobalt chloride (CoCl2), and Copper chloride (CuCl2). Results showed that all isolates were 100% resistant to (Nal) and (CuCl2), and (75%) for (Amp) and (Cocl2), while (50%) of the isolates were resistant to Tc and (25%) for Er and Cm; however, all isolates were sensitive to (HgCl2). MIC was conducted to examine the ability of bacteria to tolerate heavy metal concentrations, and we found that the MIC for Cobalt was 1000µg/ml and 1700 µg/ml for copper. Using low pH (pH5) as a curing agent showed that the resistance for Tc and Nal was lost in 60-64% and 36-68% of the isolates, respectively, while resistance to cobalt was lost in 40-52% of the isolates. These results suggest that genes responsible for the resistance of Tc, Nal, and Cobalt are probably located on the plasmids; while the resistance of Amp, Er, Cm, and Copper was not affected, which may suggest that they are chromosomally encoded. Using elevated temperature (46°C) as a curing agent showed higher rates for curing of Tc (94-96%), Nal (72-92%), and Cobalt (88-96%), which supports the results for gene location obtained from curing with low pH.
Copyright (c) 2026 Diana Noor Al Din Mustafa, Hiba Khalid Mahmood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Gender-Based Differences in CRP and HbA1c Levels and Their Association with Diabetic Patients in Shekhan: A Cross-Sectional Study
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder defined by persistent hyperglycemia, and its progression is often evaluated through biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), an indicator of inflammation, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), which reflects glycemic control. Gender-related differences in these biomarkers may influence disease patterns, especially in regions like Shekhan where healthcare challenges exist. This study focused on measuring CRP and HbA1c among diabetic patients based on gender, examining their correlation within male and female groups, and determining how demographic factors including age, smoking, and diabetes medication affect these markers. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 diabetic patients (39 males and 61 females) in Shekhan, Iraq, and data collection covered demographics, comorbidities, lifestyle factors, and treatment details. Poor glycemic control was defined as HbA1c ? 7%, while CRP > 6 mg/L was considered abnormal. Results indicated that 64% of participants had good glycemic control (HbA1c < 7%), with males showing better control (71.8%) than females (59%), although this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.194). Elevated CRP levels were present in 18% of patients, also without a significant gender difference (p = 0.586), but females receiving combined insulin and oral therapy showed significantly higher CRP levels (p < 0.0001). Combined therapy was further associated with poor glycemic control in both genders (p = 0.020 in males; p < 0.0001 in females). Hypertension (41%) and cardiovascular disease (31%) were the most frequent comorbidities. Overall, the findings suggest that gender disparities in glycemic control and inflammation highlight the importance of personalized management and routine monitoring, while future research should continue to explore gender-specific diabetes strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hozan Q. Hussein, Diler gabrael Saadi Saadi, Nor A. Naeem, Ahmed F. Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Phenotypic and Genotypic Assessment of Virulence Potential of Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Wounds in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the predominant pathogens found in wounds. Multidrug resistant K. pneumoniae poses a challenge to treatment due to complications that may arise. The presence of virulent determinants would pose a further public health risk. This study aimed to assess the phenotypic and genotypic virulence potential of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae isolated from wounds in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. A total of 200 wound samples were obtained and evaluated for the presence of K. pneumoniae using standard microbiological culture techniques and appropriate biochemical tests. Test isolates were assessed for antimicrobial susceptibility and multidrug resistant isolates were identified. Three virulence traits (hemolytic activity, biofilm formation potential and protease production) were determined using standard methods. DNA of test isolates was extracted using the boiling method, and isolates were assessed for the presence of three virulence genes (entB, mrkD, and fimH genes). Out of 30 K. pneumoniae isolates identified and evaluated, 60% were multidrug resistant, 70% (30% beta hemolysis and 40% alpha hemolysis) showed hemolytic activity, 7 isolates (23.3%) were positive for protease production, and 11 (36.7%) exhibiting biofilm forming potential. This study also revealed the presence of the entB gene (13.3% occurrence) and the mkrD gene (6.7% occurrence), with a co-occurrence of the entB and mkrD genes in one isolate. The fimH gene was not detected in any of the isolates assessed. This study notes a higher occurrence of virulence traits in multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates than in non-MDR isolates.
Copyright (c) 2025 Patience Worlu Dim, Chinonye Kemuel Nyema, Ejiro Obakpororo Agbagwa, Kome Otokunefor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Antibiotic Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae in Iraq: A Narrative Review
Antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) poses a significant public health challenge globally, with Iraq experiencing a notable rise in multidrug-resistant strains. This narrative review evaluates current evidence on antibiotic resistance patterns and genetic mechanisms underlying resistance in K. pneumoniae isolates across Iraq. The review highlights a high prevalence of B-lactam resistance, particularly to penicillins and cephalosporins, largely driven by extended-spectrum B-lactamase (ESBL) genes such as blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaCTX-M. Carbapenem resistance is alarmingly increasing and is mediated primarily by carbapenemase genes, including blaOXA-48, blaNDM, and blaVIM, with the blaKPC gene emerging in select regions. Aminoglycoside resistance remains moderate, with amikacin retaining efficacy, though resistance genes like strA and strB contribute to variability. Quinolone resistance is attributed to chromosomal mutations, efflux pumps, and plasmid-mediated genes such as qnrS and qnrB, with resistance rates varying significantly by region and clinical setting. The dissemination of resistance is further facilitated by efflux pumps, including acrAB, mdtK, and tolC and porin loss (ompK35, ompK36). Despite increased research, gaps remain due to limited sample sizes and regional disparities in individual studies. To combat this escalating threat, the review advocates for a coordinated national surveillance system, stringent antibiotic stewardship, enhanced infection control measures, and wider implementation of molecular diagnostics. Addressing these challenges is crucial to controlling the spread of resistant K. pneumoniae and preserving the efficacy of existing antibiotics in Iraq.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nawfal R Hussein, Alan A Muhammad, Halder J Abozait https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Microbiological Evaluation of Point-of-Sale Machines in Nkwerre, Imo State, Nigeria
Point-of-sale (POS) machines have evolved into some of the most frequently touched devices in Nigeria today. This study aimed to assess the microbial proxies on the surfaces of point-of-sale (POS) machines utilised in Nkwerre Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria. Ten samples were collected from the primary operators at easily accessible locations. Surface swabs of the POS devices were obtained using a manually constructed square quadrant and a saline-moistened swab. The samples were transported to the laboratory and analysed for qualitative and quantitative microbial indices using analytical grade reagents and standard procedures. The total heterotrophic bacterial count for sample Bi2 was 4.95 Log10 CFU/cm², accompanied by a total coliform count of 4.86 Log10 CFU/cm². The total fungal count was 3.07 Log10 CFU/cm², and the total Staphylococcal count reached 4.69 Log10 CFU/cm². During the study, twenty-nine (29) isolates were observed, which were then reduced to five (5) based on their biochemical and morphological features. The tentatively identified bacterial isolates included Citrobacter sp., Proteus sp., Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Aeromonas sp. Staphylococcus sp. was found to have a frequency of occurrence of 57.50%, Klebsiella sp. 21.88%, Proteus sp. 18.75%, while Aeromonas sp. and Citrobacter sp. recorded 9.38% and 12.50%, respectively. These flora are known to cause several clinically significant diseases, as corroborated by previous studies. Manufacturers of these devices must be alerted to the necessity of developing a decontamination protocol to ensure the safety of usage for the numerous patrons in urban and rural communities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Precious O. Obiebi, Enobong C. Effiong, Chidinma F. Micheal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Antibiotic Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Iraq: A Narrative Review
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative bacterium, causes a range of infections, including those affecting the skin and soft tissues, pneumonia, and sepsis. Its significance lies in its capacity to develop resistance to numerous antibiotic classes. In Iraq, infections caused by Pseudomonas are prevalent, especially within healthcare settings. Studies indicate a concerning level of antibiotic resistance in this microorganism. Information regarding the genetic basis of this resistance is limited in Iraq, with existing research typically involving small sample sizes. The growing resistance to ?-lactams in Iraq is a serious concern, especially the extended-spectrum ?-lactamases (ESBLs). Metallo-?-lactamases (MBLs) such as VIM and NDM are causing a rise in the resistance to carbapenems. The limited data about the resistance patterns to quinolones and aminoglycosides is another barrier. The high prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa combined with limited data on its resistance pathways in Iraq highlights the need for continued surveillance, stronger infection control measures, and the development of more targeted treatment options to address this challenging pathogen.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nawfal R Hussein, Halder J Abozait, Ibrahim A Naqid, Razvan Loqman Yasen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluating the Effects of Energy Drink Consumption on Liver Function among Students and Staff at Cihan University, Duhok, Iraq
Energy drinks (ED) have been related to many health issues, including elevated pressure, cardiovascular difficulties, head pain, rest disruptions, drug overuse, tension and excitement. The purpose of the current research is the estimate of the association between individuals with energy drinks and without them and to estimate the impact of energy drinks on liver metabolic. The current cross-sectional study included 50 individuals, aged 18 to 40, who were divided into two groups: (1) a healthy group (n=25) consisting of individuals who did not consume energy drinks, and (2) a case group (n=25) comprising individuals who regularly consumed energy drinks. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) liver enzymes were estimated by using spectrophotometry, while vitamin B12 levels were assessed using the VIDAS® apparatus. Anthropometric measurements were also recorded for all participants. The findings revealed a significant elevation in AST, ALT value and vitamin B12 in the drinkers of energy group in contrast to the healthy subjects (p<0.001). Additionally, males showed more pronounced increases in these markers than females p levels were lower than 0.001. In conclusion, the investigation discovered that energy drink consumption significantly elevates hepatocyte function markers (ALT and AST) and anthropometric parameters. It also highlighted that extreme energy drink intake may contribute to cases of severe liver damage.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kajeen Hassan Jasim, Barhav Issa Abdullah, Khalida Mohamed Hasan, Layla Mohamed Salih, Jihan Hasan Jasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Distribution Patterns and Risk Factors of Intestinal Parasites Among Different Populations in Duhok Province, Iraq
Enteric infections are a major public health concern worldwide, and they are more common in places with insufficient water sources, poor sanitation, low socioeconomic situations, and poor hygiene habits. Most causes of enteric infection may be due to Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and some helminths have a serious role in intestinal disease. The present study aimed to investigate the frequency of intestinal parasites (eggs and cysts) in various age groups and sexes with respect to the level of sanitation and personal hygiene in different levels of education, according to the source of eating and drinking of people in different areas in Duhok province. Outpatients with diarrhea and other gastrointestinal disorders provided stool samples. at the Kurdistan Region of Iraq's Duhok area at nine teaching and private hospitals: Azadi and Heevi Pediatric, Amedi, Semel, Shekhan, Sidra, Vin, Awni, and Ghazi. The faeces specimens that were obtained were analyzed macroscopically for composition and consistency before being studied under a microscope using the direct wet mount technique. Infection with an intestinal parasite was recorded in about 849 (28.3%) positive from the 3000 examination specimens. The highest rate of intestinal parasite was due to Entamoeba histolytica 94.4 %( 802/849), mostly in the age group 0–10 years (42.4%), high prevalence of amebiasis in male in center of Duhok and Shekhan about 428(50.4%), 14 (1.6%) from total 849 infection samples respectively and high rate of amebiasis in female in Amedia and Semel 33 (3.8% ),45(5.3% ) from total 849 infection samples respectively and high level of giardiasis recorded in female in center of Duhok and Semel 18(2.1%), 11(1.2%) respectively from total infection samples and these different was statistically significant p<0.05, primary levels of education about (62.1%), drinking filter water (85.9%), eating outside home (53.3%), There was a statistically significant change (p < 0.05). that is, risk factors that show elevated infection levels. According to the present research, improved health depends critically on better living conditions, clean water, and promotion of health education. This disease must be reduced among the population by implementing these measures.
Copyright (c) 2025 hileen Mustafa haji, Nasreen Abduljalil, Pawan Subhi, Huda Ibraheem, Ranya Bahjat, Zaven Arteen, Chnin Ameer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Molecular Detection of hpmA Gene in Proteus mirabilis Isolates and its Association with Inflammatory Biomarkers among Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Proteus mirabilis is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium most noted for its swarming motility and urease activity. It is recognized as one of considerable uropathogens. It is particularly common among patients with chronic inflammatory conditions. One of these conditions is rheumatoid arthritis, an immune-mediated inflammatory disorder that primarily affects and damages joints. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of P. mirabilis along with its virulence gene (hpmA) in urinary tract infections and determine its association with key inflammatory biomarkers among rheumatoid arthritis patients. Eighty urine samples were collected from clinics and laboratories in Zakho city from September to December 2024. Phenotypic tests were used to identify P. mirabilis in patients’ urine, and PCR assays were performed to investigate the hpmA gene. In addition, Blood samples were analyzed for Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), Rheumatoid Factor (RF), and C- Reactive protein (CRP) from the same RA suspected patients to confirm Rheumatoid Arthritis and evaluate inflammation level. Cultural and biochemical tests identified P. mirabilis in 15 samples (18.75%). Molecular analysis revealed that all 15 isolates (100%) of P. mirabilis samples had hpmA gene. Notably, patients with P. mirabilis–positive UTIs, especially those carrying hpmA, showed elevated ESR and CRP levels. This indicates an association between hpmA-mediated pathogenicity and inflammatory responses in RA. These results suggest the importance of screening P. mirabilis and its virulence factors in RA patients with UTIs. The presence of hpmA which is responsible for hemolysin production, may be associated with increased levels of inflammation in these patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Parween Abdullah, Shirwan Hussein Darweesh, Shivan Othman Haydar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Microorganisms Associated with Healthy, Bruised, and Spoiled Irish (Solanum tuberosum) and Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas)
This study investigates the microorganisms present in healthy, bruised, and spoiled Irish and sweet potatoes and this was done using standard microbiological methods. The results reveal varying microbial counts across different stages of potato quality. In Irish potatoes, Total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) counts ranged from 3.25x105 to 1.9x106 CFU/g in the healthy samples, increasing to 5.7x105 to 1.12x106 CFU/g in the bruised samples, and further to 9.15x105 to 1.71x106 CFU/g in spoiled samples. Similarly, sweet potatoes exhibited THB counts from 4.15x105 to 6.35x105 CFU/g in healthy samples, 3.8x105 to 4.55x105 CFU/g in bruised samples, and 1.49x106 to 2.24x106 CFU/g in spoilt samples. Staphylococcus counts followed a similar trend in both potato types, with higher counts observed in bruised and spoilt samples compared to healthy ones. Total coliform counts also showed consistent increases in bruised and spoiled potatoes compared to healthy ones. Total fungal counts varied across all potato samples. Eleven bacterial genera and several predominant fungal isolates were identified through morphological and biochemical characterization including Enterobacter spp. 5.4%; Lactobacillus spp. 4.3% Micrococcus spp. 3.0% ,Klebsiella spp. 8.6%; Proteus spp. 8.9%; Pseudomonas spp. 8.6% Citrobacter 4.3%; Corynebacterium 5.4%; Staphylococcus spp. 20.4%; Bacillus spp. 20.4%; Escherichia coli 10.6%;; Yeast 26.5%; Aspergillus niger 20.4%; Mucor 20.4%; Fusarium 18.4%; Pink Yeast 6.1%; Aspergillus flavus 4.1%; Rhizopus stolonifera 2.0% and Trichoderma 2.0% . Nutritional analysis revealed differences in various nutritional components between healthy and bruised potatoes. These findings highlight the dynamic microbial interactions and nutritional changes occurring during potato spoilage, emphasizing the importance of improved storage and handling practices to maintain potato quality and safety.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nnenna J. Omorodion, Prosper Onyekosor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Influence of Sodium Chloride Treatment and Storage Temperature on the Microbial and Physicochemical Quality of Garden Egg (Solanum aethiopicum L.)
This study investigated the effect of 7% Sodium Chloride treatment on the shelf life of garden eggs under distinct storage conditions (ambient and refrigerated) by examining the microbial dynamics, proximate composition, and mineral content. Standard microbiological and proximate methods were employed. Results indicated significant variations in microbial counts across different storage periods and conditions. The total heterotrophic bacterial count of unsalted garden eggs ranged from 1.29x106 CFU/g to 1.3x108 CFU/g, showcasing a notable increase over the storage duration. Staphylococcus counts fluctuated, with ambient temperature storage showing no growth at the final stage but refrigerated samples exhibiting counts of 1.5x102 CFU/g. Similarly, Total Coliform counts varied from 1.37x104 CFU/g to 3.6x105 CFU/g for unsalted garden eggs stored at different temperatures. Counts were less for Garden egg samples treated with 7% Sodium Chloride compared to those not treated across all storage conditions. Frequencies of occurrence differed among these organisms, with Staphylococcus spp. and Bacillus spp. being the most prevalent at 28.2% and 16.5%, respectively. Others were Escherichia coli 20%; Klebsiella spp. 2.3%; Proteus spp. 9.4%; Pseudomonas spp. 7.1% Lactobacillus 11.8 %; Corynebacterium 1.2%; and Salmonella spp. 3.5%. Fungal counts exhibited variations as well, ranging from 7.15x103 CFU/g to 5.95x104 CFU/g for unsalted garden eggs stored at room temperature. Predominant fungal isolates included: Yeast 24.1%; Aspergillus niger 24.1%; Mucor 22.2%; Fusarium 9.3%; Aspergillus flavus 7.4 %; Penicillium 11.1% and Trichoderma 1.9%. Moreover, proximate composition analyses displayed fluctuations in ash, moisture content, lipid, crude protein, crude fiber, and carbohydrates between day 0 and day 15 of storage, indicating changes in nutritional constituents during the shelf life. Additionally, the mineral content, Phosphorus, Calcium, and Potassium showed alterations in concentrations from day 0 to day 15 for both salted and unsalted samples across different storage conditions. These findings underscore the importance of refrigeration storage in controlling microbial proliferation, emphasizing the need for stringent quality control measures, awareness campaigns, and the potential incorporation of antimicrobial agents to extend the shelf life of garden eggs. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing storage conditions and enhancing food safety, quality, and nutritional retention of garden eggs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nnenna J. Omorodion, Dornubari H. Nakwaasah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae among Outpatients with Urinary Tract Infections in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region-Iraq
The family Enterobacteriaceae is the leading cause of both hospital- and community-acquired urinary tract infections. The purpose of this study was to estimate the rate of infection with Enterobacteriaceae among outpatients suffering from UTIs at two major hospitals in Zakho city. This study was conducted over the period of 5 months from the 1st of September 2021 till the end of January 2022, during this period a total of 454 midstream urine samples were collected from outpatients with UTIs of both genders and different ages (? one year to > 50 years). The isolated enterobacterial species were identified according to their biochemical characteristics using conventional standard methods. The result showed that 52.64% (239/454) of the tested urine samples were infected with species of Enterobacteriaceae. The most commonly detected species with their rates of infections were: Escherichia coli (69.46 %) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (27.20 %). In females, the overall rate of infection was higher over all ages than in males (85.36% vs 14.64%) with the highest rate being among the ages ?1-10 and >10-20 years, which was 91.67%. Married patients of both genders showed a slightly higher rate than single ones (53.62% vs 51.12%), and married women showed a higher rate than single ones (86.49% vs 83.52%). Urban residents had a higher infection rate than those living in camps and rural areas (53.85%, 48.48%, and 45.45%), respectively. This study concluded that members of Enterobacteriaceae are the major causative agents of UTIs, with E. coli being the predominant isolated bacterial species. The rate of infection was higher in females, married patients and urban residents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dalia L. Hasan, Wijdan M. S. Mero, Haval M. Khalid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Association of Urinary Podocalyxin with Albumin Creatinine Ratio in T2DM Patients
Podocalyxin is a negatively charged protein located in the kidney podocyte membrane, which is a glycosylated cell surface sialomucin of the CD34 family. It is the main component of the glomerular basement membrane charge barrier and has an important role in the regulation of glomerular filtration barrier permeability. There is an argument on the association of PCX with diabetic renal complications and its probability to be a new marker for early diagnosis of diabetic renal complications. The aim of the study was determination of urinary podocalyxin levels in T2DM patients and to analyze its correlation with albumin to creatinine ratio and glycemic control. By consecutive sampling, 82 samples were selected and divided into two groups. The control group consisted of 20 healthy subjects, and the case group was 62 subjects with T2DM. Albumin creatinine ratio, serum creatinine, glycemic control, body mass index and urinary podocalyxin were measured for both groups. Significant higher levels of urinary podocalyxin were found in the case group compared to the control group (p =0.005). There was a significant difference in urinary podocalyxin levels between case groups (normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria) (p<0.001). Urinary podocalyxin levels had a significant strong positive correlation with albumin creatinine ratio (p<0.001), and weak positive correlation with serum creatinine and HbA1c. Due to significant differences in urinary podocalyxin levels between the case and control group and within case groups, as well as its positive correlation with albumin creatinine ratio, it might be a good marker for the diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zheen Yousif Khalid, Herish Nasraldeen Sadeq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Effect of Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum on the Microbial and Physiochemical Quality of Commercially Produced Tiger Nut Drink
This study investigated the effect of different spices and storage temperatures on the microbial dynamics and physiochemical characteristics of commercially produced tiger nut drinks over a 9-day period. Standard microbiological and physiochemical procedures were adopted. The total heterotrophic bacteria count of tiger nut drink ranged from 1.02 x 104 to 9.8 x 10? cfu/ml, the total coliform count ranged from 6.3 x103 to 6.9 x104 cfu/ml, and the total staphylococcus count ranged from 2.9 x 103 to 5.8 x104 cfu/ml. The effectiveness of refrigeration in preventing bacterial growth was demonstrated by the generally lower THBC and TC levels found in refrigerated samples. Higher THBC was observed in ambient Tiger nut juice treated with ginger and garlic (ATTGG), indicating possible effects of these additions on microbial development. The Tiger Nut Drink’s Staphylococcus level varied depending on the treatment; samples that were refrigerated consistently had lower numbers. Staphylococcus levels were generally reduced after garlic treatment (ATTGA), indicating possible antibacterial qualities. The prevalence of Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Proteus, Lactobacillus, and Escherichia coli varied. Temperature variations had a major impact on the spread of microorganisms, highlighting the importance of ideal storage conditions. Throughout the investigation, physiochemical factors changed. Tiger nut juice showed pH decreases, TTA fluctuations, ascorbic acid content changes, and TSS alterations. This study provides valuable insights into the microbial dynamics and physiochemical stability of commercially made Tiger nut drinks, emphasizing the importance of appropriate storage conditions for maintaining product quality and safety. The findings contribute to understanding the shelf life of these popular beverages, paving the way for improved preservation strategies and enhanced consumer safety, and the study revealed the synergistic effect of ginger and garlic in the tiger nut drink sample can be used to minimize bacterial load to an acceptable limit for at least six to nine days after production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Omorodion Nnenna J., Edwin Precious C. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Frequency of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in Married Women in Al-Khums City, Libya
Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan that infects the urogenital tract of individuals globally, affecting both women and men. There are various methods to detect T. vaginalis, including clinical diagnosis and laboratory examination. "The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of T. vaginalis among married women in Al-Khums, Libya. The comparison between four different diagnostic methods to detect T. vaginalis, vaginal swab samples from women who visited Souq Al-Kamlesh Hospital during the period from February 2022 to July 2022 from different regions of the city (Al-Khums, Lebdah, Seline, Souq AlKhamees, Kaam and Caucasus) and collected 350 samples and analyzed them. The highest infection rate is recorded at pH < 7 in 68.75% of cases. The Whiff test resulted in 13 positive samples (3.71%), the culture medium method Cystine-Peptone-Liver infusion- Maltose (CPLM) recorded 16 positive samples (4.57%), and the Giemsa dye staining method recorded 16 positive samples (4.57%). The age groups were more affected by women aged 45 years (28.5%), followed by the age groups between 35 and 45 years at a rate of 4.59%. The lowest infection rate was in the 15-25 (1.90%) age group, with significant differences (P ? 0.05). Furthermore, the most common injuries among women were from Al-Khums region (7.76%), followed by Souq Al-Khamees region (3.94%) and finally Kaam region (2.94%). Cases of miscarriage (10.15%) are found more frequently in this study. The culture and staining methods were used to detect the highest infection rate of Trichomonas vaginal and achieve better results than other methods.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rowida S. Alagme, Layla O. Elmajdoub, Khdajia S. M., Fatma M. Abushiba, Sara E. Elzwawy, Mabrooka M. Abusaha, Kholoud A. Emshiheet, Hana M. Shaklawoon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Phenotypic, Molecular Identification and Virulence Assessment of Cronobacter spp Isolated from Clinical Samples of Children Under Two Years in Mosul City/Iraq
Cronobacter spp. is known to be a foodborne causative agent for a variety of diseases in both humans and animals. This study focused on isolating Cronobacter species from 150 clinical samples of children under two years (60 from blood and stool samples, 30 from CSF samples) collected from Ibn al Atheer and Al Khanssa Hospitals. The phenotypic identification of bacterial isolates were performed through culture, microscopic, and biochemical examinations and vitek-2 system. The results revealed a mixture of bacteria in 6.5% of the clinical specimens. The identity of isolates was 99% using the vitek-2 system for identifying Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, Cronobacter muytjensii, and Cronobacter pulveris. Out of 150 specimens there were 8 (5.33 %) of specimens gave positive for Cronobacter spp which included: C. sakazaki 2/60 blood specimens (3.3%), C. sakazaki 2/60 stool specimens (3.3%), C. malonaticus 2/60 stool specimens (3.3%), 1/60 C. muytjensii and C. pulveris 1/60 (3.3%). The eight isolates phenotypically identified as Cronobacter were confirmed at the molecular level through 16S rRNA sequencing and submitted to NCBI under the accession numbers (OR825874, OR825875, PP126443, PP126444, PP126445, PP126455). The virulence profile of these isolates showed that 7/8 (87.5%) of Cronobacter strains exhibited haemolysin activity, 5/8 strains (62.5%) were able to produce the protease enzyme and 2/8 (25%) of Cronobacter strains were positive for lipase and lecithinase. All strains lacked the ability to produce a slime layer. The results also showed the ability of Cronobacter strains to produce biofilm by using the tube method and microtiter plate method but with different levels.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muntaha M. Salih Alumary, Shakir G. Gergees Almola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Recent Developments in Promising Hormonal and Non- Hormonal Male Contraceptives: A Review
New male contraceptive methods would expand male and female contraceptive alternatives and enhance male contraceptive agency. Since 1969, a program for developing contraceptives has been financed by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, which also continues to fund the majority of hormonal male contraceptive development today. Also, the early stages of non-hormonal techniques start to develop. The hormonal male contraceptive methods, include testosterone undecanoate injection plus norethisterone enanthate injection, implants of testosterone plus depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate injection, testosterone enanthate injection, and other testosterone-based methods. The non-hormonal methods, include novel hormone-free substances such as retinoic acid inhibitors, sperm ion channel blockers, and vasal peristalsis blockers. The review provides insights into the efficacy, safety, and potential side effects of each method, and highlights the current state of research and development in the field of male contraception.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nooralhuda A. Yahya, Farah R. Noori, Doaa K. Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Isolation and Diagnosis of Parasites from Domestic Cockroach Periplaneta americana in Mosul city, Iraq
Cockroaches are the greatest potential mechanical vector of various pathogenic microorganisms, some of which cause serious diseases in humans and domestic animals. The high prevalence of human pathogens carried by the cockroach has been reported in many countries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of internal and external parasites parasitizing the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, the effect of the sex of the cockroach and the area of sample collection on The type, number and types of parasites isolated, The current study was conducted for the period from July 2023 until April 2024, A samples of 111 male Periplaneta americana cockroaches were collected from some homes and schools in the city of Mosul. After the samples arrived at the laboratory, by placing them in clean, sterilized tubes in a refrigerator set at -4°C for 10 minutes Subsequently, 10 ml of normal saline solution was added to each tube. The tubes were then vigorously shaken for 5 minutes to dislodge parasites a salt solution was added to centrifuge tubes, which were spun at 2000 rotations per minute for 5 minutes. This mixture was shaken for 5 minutes and then, Cockroaches were dissected to isolate internal parasites The contents of the digestive tract were taken, and the solution was filtered through a mesh. Each sample was prepared by placing a drop of sediment on a glass slide, adding Lugol's iodine dye, and examining it under a microscope. The majority of the samples were infected with one or more types of parasites on their body surfaces and within their digestive tracts, infection rate of 96.40 %. This study involved the isolation and diagnosis of 19 parasitic species, including five types of worms: Ancylostoma duodenale, Leidynema, Strongyloides stercoralis, Hammerschmidtiella male, and Thelastoma. and six types of protozoan parasites, including both active and Nyctotherus ovalis cyst, active and cyst stages of Lophmonas, cyst stage of Entamoeba coli, and Gregarine. and Seven types of eggs, comprising eggs of each of Ancylostoma duodenale, Thelastoma, Leidynema, Strongyloides stercoralis, Hammerschmidtiella , Gryllophila, and in addition to the external parasitic Mite, The highest infection rate was recorded in worms, with 91 out of 111 samples i.e. (81.98% ). This was followed by protozoa, with a rate of 72% out of 80 samples. Finally, external mites, 52 samples i.e. (46.84%). In this study, it was observed that the number of parasites harbored by cockroaches in their digestive tracts exceeds more than that found on their external surfaces. Cockroaches collected from households were found to harbor a greater number of parasites compared to those collected from schools, underscoring the necessity of raising awareness about the dangers of cockroach presence in homes and keeping them away from food sources due to the parasites they carry, which may cause various diseases.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sahar A. S. Al-Badrani, Fouad S. I. Al-Rubaye, Lubna Y. Abbass https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Detection of Beta-lactamase Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Different Clinical Sources
186 samples were collected from various pathogenic specimens, including 75 urine samples, 46 cerebrospinal fluid samples, 23 sputum samples, 9 body fluid samples, 14 blood samples, 4 discharge samples, 11 fluid samples from wounds and burns, and 4 bone marrow samples. Accordingly, 23 isolates of K. pneumoniae were identified as follows: 12 from urine samples, three isolates from cerebrospinal fluid, two each from catheters, wounds, and sputum, and one isolate from burns and bronchitis. The 23 isolates under study were tested for their susceptibility to 11 penicillin, cephalosporin, and carbapenem antibiotics, including beta-lactam and other antibiotics. The results showed high resistance of K. pneumoniae to piperacillin at a rate of 91%, and then to ampicillin at a rate of 86.9%, while were sensitive to both imipenem and meropenem, at a rate of 78%. The results showed that 100% of the isolates showed their ability to produce beta-lactamase enzymes as confirmed by the acid and mineral methods. The high percentage of enzymatic production indicates the presence of enzymatic resistance among bacterial isolates under study, which is why the bacteria gave high resistance to antibiotics. The results of the study showed the ability of 14 isolates to produce broad-spectrum beta-lactamase enzymes at a rate of 60%.
Copyright (c) 2024 Shaymaa Tahsin Alnaqeeb, Shakir Ghazi Gergees https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Microbiological Assessment of Smartphone Surfaces Obtained from Final Year Students at Hezekiah University Umudi, Nkwerre, Imo State, Nigeria.
Smartphones of students in tertiary institutions have been described as an understudied and under-explored microcosm by leading public health experts. The microbial quality of smartphone surfaces has been a constant reason for several scientific discussions. Two hundred students were initially targeted for the study, ten students in the final year class at the Hezekiah University Umudi permitted access to their phones during the sampling. The study carried by swabbing the surface of their phones with a normal saline-moistened swab stick using a square quadrant. The content was dislodged and diluted using a 10-fold serial dilution technique. The samples were evaluated for total heterotrophic count, coliform, fungal and Staphylococcal count. The bacterial isolates were tentatively identified using biochemical reactions. The total heterotrophic count of the samples obtained from the male students ranged from Log 2.82 CFU/cm2 to Log 3.21 CFU/cm2 while the total coliform count was observed to range from Log 1.3 CFU/cm2 to Log 1.6 CFU/cm2. The total heterotrophic count ranged from Log 2.82 CFU/cm2 to Log 3.21 CFU/cm2 for male students and from Log 1.6 CFU/cm2 to Log 2.73 CFU/cm2 for female students. The isolates obtained from the study were Acinetobacter sp., Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Staphylococcus sp. There is a need for the University to educate students on the need to routinely use alcohol-based wipes to clean the surfaces of their phones as a precautionary measure to limit diseases associated with the use of mobile phones.
Copyright (c) 2024 Enobong Effiong, Iheanacho, G.C, Awari, G.V, Iheagwam, K.S https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Treatment of amyloidosis: A Review
The name Amyloid is derived from the word "Oid", which means semi-starch, which is a protein that transforms into the shape or amyloid state when a distortion or a change occurs in its secondary structure as it becomes insoluble, shaped, and assembled as beta folded sheets. The structure of the amyloid protein can be seen by the electronic microscope as a group of non-branched fibers, with unspecified lengths and cross-sections between (7.5–10) nanometers. Also, the distinguished structure (the folded beta sheets) is clearly seen, and this structure is responsible for the unique pigmentation that is shown by the amyloid proteins with the Congo red stain.
Copyright (c) 2024 Safaa A. Al-Ameen , Rafad R. S. Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Isolation, Multiplication and Preservation of Cassava Fermenting Microorganisms
In Nigeria, Cassava processing and its associated waste have been a source of worry regarding environmental pollution. Uncontrolled disposal of the waste has contributed to a number of environmental concerns including fluxes in microbial population. However, the liquid wastes squeezed out during the processing of cassava have been discovered to be beneficial. Hence, this study is aimed at the isolation, multiplication and preservation of fermenting microflora associated with cassava wastewater for economic value as well as for environmental sustainability. A comparative analysis of microorganisms found on harvested cassava tubers of length 30cm+ 0.3m, weight +378g and microorganisms associated with the fermentation of cassava tubers was carried out. Freshly harvested cassava tuber samples were collected at Idu Industrial District, Port Harcourt, Nigeria at Latitude: 9.05245 N93'8.8254" Longitude: 7.34406 E720'38.61672". The samples were preserved in the refrigerator within 24 hours after collection and transported to the Rivers State University laboratory for microbiological evaluation. Cassava tubers were washed, peeled and cut into 3cm, soaked into 10 liter rubber container containing 1200ml of tap water collected from Mgbuoshimini layout, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. After 5 days of the fermentation process, fermented cassava tubers were mashed and examined using different microbiological parameters. The microorganisms isolated from harvested raw cassava included; bacteria: (Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp.) and fungi: (Trichosoporon mucoides) while the microorganisms isolated from fermented cassava included: bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Coryrebacterium manihot Bacillus spp, and fungi: (Aspergillus niger and Geotrichum candidum). Preservation of the cassava fermenting microorganisms was carried out using sterile grinded cow bone (calcium carbonate). This study has revealed that the effluent waste associated with cassava processing can be a veritable resource of fermenting microorganisms that can be sold for economic and environmental sustainability purpose.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nrior Renner Renner, Awari Victoria Ginika, Oji Glahad Ifeanyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Biodegradation of Phenol Tainted Industrial Effluent by Exogenous Bacterial Isolates Bio-Mined from Crude Oil Polluted Soil
Phenol in industrial effluent is a major under-reported pollutant of concern to the aquatic ecosystem. In the current study, the effluent was obtained from Eleme Petrochemical Limited, Rivers State Nigeria. Baseline analyses were conducted to ascertain physico-chemical and microbiological parameters. Exogenous bacterial species were isolated from crude oil polluted in Ogoniland. The inoculum was standardized using the MacFarland approach. About 1% inoculum was seeded into the 100 mL effluent for the Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus sp, Bacillus tequilensis and consortia. The setup was monitored using Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrophotometry while the acute toxicity was calculated using the Probit method. The acute toxicity of the set-up seeded with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 718.8 mg/L while the consortia had 941.2 mg/L. The phenol residues were reduced by 100% while the 2-nitrophenol was reduced from 5.13 µg/L to 0.82 µg/L on the 10th day of the study. The remarkable reduction of the phenol residues with the use of microbial cultures goes to show the efficiency of locally sourced feedstock as tools for the degradation of pollutants. There is an urgent need for academia to develop robust microbial bio-mining and culture collection centers for futuristic and commercial use.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry
Copyright (c) 2023 Iheanacho G. C., Effiong E., Awari, V. G., Ibiene A. A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Morphological and Histological Impacts of Bisphenol A on Chicken Embryos
The aim of the current study was to investigate the morphological and histological effects of Bisphenol A on chicken Ross 308 during embryonic development A total of 150 eggs were randomly divided into five groups: negative control, positive control injected with con oil and treatment groups administered with different concentrations of Bisphenol A (0.005, 0.02 and 0.1 microliters/egg). The eggs were injected on the second day of incubation and the evaluation was conducted on days 10 and 21 of incubation. Our results showed different abnormal observations at both ages of incubation including skin redness, presence of hemorrhagic spots on the head and around the eyes, congenital anomalies in the upper and lower limbs, chick lethargy and inflammation, particularly in the caudal region. Additionally, there was a clear paralysis in a chicken aged 21 days. Microscopically, there were changes in the liver structure representing congestion in the central vein, mild focal intercellular changes in hepatocytes, few necrosis and atrophy of hepatic cords. At day 21, there was also dispersed hemorrhagic, inflammatory infiltration slight proliferation of Kupffer cells, fatty degeneration, irregularity of hepatocytes and hepatic cords as well as cloudy swelling.
Copyright (c) 2023 Arwa N. Al–Sharifi, Rayya G. Alsultan, Rabeea Hazim Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect of Four Plant Extracts on Opportunistic Bacteria: Sphingomonas paucimobilis and Enterococcus faecium
The emergence of new bacterial species in different infections, such as Sphingomonas paucimobilis and Enterococcus faecium needs materials to get rid of, especially if these materials are of 100% natural origin, however, repeated experiments must be conducted from different materials for the same bacterial species until reaching the target material. The research has investigated about if two nosocomial infective bacteria Sphingomonas paucimobilis and Enterococcus faecium could influence with some plants (Lepidium sativum, Sinapis arvensis, Eruca sativa and Raphanus sativus) belong to the Brassicaceae family which are mainly known containing compounds that are effective in combating pathogenic bacteria, using the disk diffusion method. The result was no inhibition zone around the disks saturated with water and alcoholic extracts separately by all plants against these two bacterial species tested. The authors concluded that these bacteria might have adaptation from previous exposure to their environment. From our result, it is clear that there is a need to test extracts from other plants to resist these two bacterial species, which may pose a health risk, especially since they are previously registered to be resistant to antibiotics.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ghada A. Mohammad, May Taha Hamid Al-Wattar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Antibiotics Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates Obtained from Potable Water Sources in Okerenkoko Community, Delta State, Nigeria
Safety and purity of drinking and cooking water sources in rural and riverine communities like Okerenkoko have posed a challenge for scientific discuss in recent times. Water devoid of both chemical and microbiological contaminants have been identified as a major key to wellness of any populace. In this study, eight potable water sources were obtained and evaluated for the study; the potable water sources obtained were treated to a 10-fold serial dilution and plated for aerobic bacterial, fungal, Salmonella-Shigella and Escherichia coli count. The antibiotics sensitivity testing employed the modified Kirby- Bauer method using the Abtek biological multiple disc. The multiple drug resistance was mathematically deduced using the standards and breakpoints. The NMU and George borehole had 5.8 Log10CFU/ml and 5.4 Log10CFU/ml for the total aerobic bacterial count while the total fungal count were 3.1 Log10CFU/ml and 3.6 Log10CFU/ml respectively. The culturable flora observed during the study were Bacillus sp, Escherichia sp., Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Shigella sp., Proteus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Vibrio sp. Micrococcus sp. and Escherichia coli. The percentage resistance for the antibiotics revealed cefuroxime and ceftazidime had 64%, while nitrofurantoin had 71% and ofloxacin had 36%. Proteus sp. (1) had an MDR of 1.0, Klebsiella sp. (3) had 0.67 while Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli had a MDR of 0.22 and 0.11. The findings of the study underscores the health challenges associated with the usage of the available potable water sources in Okerenkoko community. There is need for a community-wide campaign and sensitization on some basic water purification approaches as possible corrective actions to improve the quality of water; government must intervene and provide a routine and robust evaluation for both water safety and sanitary quality in rural communities.
Copyright (c) 2023 Asionye, E. I, Eze, V.C, Ifeanyi, V.O, Enobong Effiong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Assessment of the Hygienic Practices and Microbial Quality of Broiler Meat and its Contact Surfaces From Poultry Retail Outlet and Cold Room in Rivers State Nigeria
Poor hygiene and sanitary practices among poultry meat sellers can lead to the contamination of meat. This contamination can occur as a result of contamination from the contact surfaces in the cold room and retail outlet. The aim of the present study was to assess the sanitary quality of Broiler meat and its contact surfaces (apron, butcher hand, butcher table, bowl, butcher knife and weighing scale) in cold room and retail outlet. Swab samples were assessed for total bacteria count, total coliform count, total staphylococcus count and total fungal counts using Standard Microbiology methods. Mean Total viable count of each sample ranged from Log 10 cfu/cm2/g 3.64 to7.94 and 3.14 to 4.75 from the retail outlets and Cold-room respectively. Mean Total Staphylococcus count. of each sample ranged from Log 10 cfu/cm2/g 1.67to 4.67 and 2.01 to 3.87 from the retail outlets and Cold-room respectively. Counts from the retail outlets were significantly higher than counts in the cold room. Organisms isolated included ; Staphylococcus sp, Bacillus sp, Escherichia coli, Proteus sp, Salmonella sp, Aeromonas sp, Pseudomonas sp, Klebsiella sp and Enterobacter sp. Fungi isolated was Aspergillus sp, Saccharomyces sp, Penicillium sp and Rhodotorula sp. Antibiogram was carried out on the isolated organisms it was observed that Klebsiella sp and Enterobacter sp were resistant to most of the antibiotics used. In order to prevent cross-contamination of meat with isolated bacteria, appropriate cleaning and sanitization steps are required. According to the study, meat contact surfaces that were not thoroughly cleaned before usage, could function as a source of cross contamination. It is recommended that meat sellers especially in developing countries need proper education and training on good hygiene practice. Regulating agencies are also advised to ensure strict compliance by meat sellers to safety standards by embarking on routine inspection at retail outlets and market places.
Copyright (c) 2023 Omorodion, Nnenna J.P , Dike, Precious https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Mutagenicity Studies of Potable Water Sources in Okerenkoko community, Gbaramatu, Delta State, Nigeria
Mutagenic testing of portable water is fast becoming an important protocol for assessing water quality. Two potable water samples were selected from both ground and surface water sources within the Okerenkoko community, Gbaramatu Kingdom, Delta State Nigeria. Ame’s test was employed in the assessment of potential carcinogens in the potable water available to the community. The study was carried out in triplicate to broaden the reproducibility of the study. Sensitivity of the test organism was evaluated using the Salmonella TA98 and Salmonella TA100 which was reconstituted for the study. The average revertant colonies from the study was enumerated to indicate that the test conducted on S3OK (Surface water) had 428.1 and 637.84 revertant colonies using Salmonella TA 100 for both +S9 mix and -S9 mix-conditions respectively while similar replica result was for Salmonella TA 98 was 629.7 and 66.12 revertant colonies. The samples obtained from S1OK had slightly lower number of revertant colonies of 209.16 and 115.94 colonies for Salmonella T.A 100 while for Salmonella T.A 98 had 116.82 and 108.90 colonies for treatments containing S9 mix preparations. The study identified the test organism was Salmonella T.A 98 was more sensitive to the carcinogen present in the S3OK sample being used by a wide population of indigenes of the lower economic class. This study further buttresses the need to develop a more robust monitoring protocol for packaged water sources in Nigeria. Regulatory agencies such as NAFDAC must enforce strict intervention limits for potable water sources.
Copyright (c) 2023 Bariweni, A. P., Asionye, E. I., Idomeh, J. E., Onyena, A. P. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0